does fart break ghusl. something that invalidates wuḍū ʾ. does fart break ghusl

 
 something that invalidates wuḍū ʾdoes fart break ghusl  Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be satisfied with him) reported that ‘Five are the demonstrations of fitra (normal slant): Circumcision

Hence Allah says (interpretation of the meaning): “And when the children among you come to puberty [al-hilm]…” [Al-Nur 24:59] If wet dreams were haram, Allah would not have. 1a. He does ghusl with the intention of removing both major and minor impurities, then a drop of urine comes out after that. We can find this explanation in the following Quranic verse: أَوْ لَامَسْتُمُ النِّسَاءَ. If a man does not ejaculate (i. 1. In order to make complete ghusl, do the following: 1. There are different considerations regarding touching it through a barrier. One important thing you must understand, that fart is the wind that comes out of the anus. . Everyone must refrain from eating and drinking those things which are Najis; and (as for) the clothing that one wears in Salat - which is the best of actions in worshipping Allah - they must be clean, and it is best that they are the most pure of. Answer: Assalamu alaykum. Things which are makruh in the janabat : Lesson 46. Women whose menstruation stops during the night may begin fasting even if they have not made ghusl yet. g. If you detect the smell of Maniyy in this discharge, then it is Maniyy and necessitates Ghusl; and if you detect the characteristics of Mathi, then it is Mathi and necessitates Istinjaa' (cleaning oneself with water after answering the. Mani (Sperm) is a white thick fluid which is discharged at the time of ejaculation. whether deliberately or accidentally, d. ] 2. Things which make ghusl obligatory 5. , did not follow the proper sequence in washing the head and the other parts of the body in ghusl; or did the wiping of the head or feet [mash] with a new water), then his wudhu and ghusl will be considered correct; and, consequently, his past prayers and pilgrimage will also be considered correct. ghusl, in Islām, the “major ablution” that entails washing the entire body in ritually pure water and is required in specified cases for both the living and the dead. [Shurunbulali, Nur al-Idah] Thus, you can ignore any internal movement in your body regarding purity. Do you find it as fluid or dry the strongest attribute of maniy is its odor. When one is fasting, it is not necessary to take the water too far up into the nose or gargle the mouth until opening the fast at iftar time, due to the risk of the fast breaking. Praise be to Allah. Fear Allah and do not commit sins as that incurs the anger of Allah. . The first opinion is that it does invalidate wudu. But if a person touches something impure, it is not permissible for him to pray until he has washed it off. Emission of semen (ghusl is required). The Ghusl that is acceptable and sufficient when one is impure due to sexual defilement is to pour the water all over the body once while having the intention of purifying yourself from sexual. Culling the hair under the arms. Wet dreams are as normal for women as they are for men. If we are praying and we doubt whether. . Based on this, you do not have to do ghusl when it is emitted, you only have to do wudoo, because the emission of madhiy invalidates wudoo’, as the Prophet (peace. Fainting. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم (Fatwa:2. Optimum cable box time display. Touching the anus or the testicles does not break wudu' in the accepted position. Step 2: Say “ Bislmillah ” and wash your hands. Defecation or urination. Ghusl tartibi; Ghusl Irtimasi; 3. Take in some water. e. E. Drink the ginger tea every day to help reduce gassy symptoms in your gut and boost your immune system naturally. I told him, and he said, ‘Subhaan-Allaah, O Abu [Hurayrah]!, the believer does not become impure. 1. The Messenger of Allah (Allah bless him and give him peace) said, “No one makes the din difficult except that it overwhelms him. We must also be in a state of wudu before praying or touching the Quran. The answer is yes. ”. Hopefully that answered your question! 16. It just invalidates one’s wudu. , the mere possibility of the discharge being sexual fluid is enough to make ghusl necessary. Impurifying activities that invalidate wudu include urination, defecation, flatulence, deep sleep, light bleeding and sexual intercourse. dog friendly cottages caswell bay; ffxiv au ra horn mod;. rinsing out the nose and 3. All praise is to Allah. Author: There are three fards of ghusl: 1 – To rinse the mouth with water, 2 – To sniff water into the nose and blow it out, 3 – To wash the whole body. If you decide not to. sperm does not leave the penis), but orgasms, he does not have to perform ghusl. something that requires one to perform ghusl in order to perform an act of worship that requires wuḍū ʾ3) Gum and soda can make you fart more. The ghusl remains valid. Al-Baghawi said in Sharh al-Sunnah (2/9): “ Ghusl for janabah (impurity following sexual activity) is wajib (obligatory) if either of the following applies: either the tip of the penis penetrates the vagina, or the gushing liquid is emitted by the man or the woman…. e. ” (Fatawa al-Shaykh Ibn Baz (may Allah have mercy on him. The reason for this is that Allah commanded us to be pure when we pray. If I’m performing ghusl, and I fart while doing it. Q:1. It is because you have to touch it, which is not permissible at all, in the impure. Put a pad or a piece of cotton, or something similar, over the private parts so that the urine will not spread. This can be done by standing under the shower or by using a hose pipe or pouring water over oneself using a bowl. Answer: Taken from “Reliance of the Traveller” (Translation of ‘Umdat As-Salik by Shaykh Nuh Keller): “If dirt under the nails prevents the water (O: of ablution or the purificatory bath from reaching the skin beneath) then the ablution (Shaykh ‘Umar Barakat: or bath) is not valid. 3- A person who watches porn stuff has to repent to Allah because looking at forbidden things spoils one’s. No. End quote. Two: if you choose the opinion that vaginal fart break wudu, you must make sure that there is a sound or smell from the movement. Shaykh Ibn Baz (may Allah have mercy on him) was asked:The point is that the one who is junub should not recite Quran either from the Mus-haf or from memory, until he has taken a bath (ghusl). It is only the passing of. major impurity caused by intercourse or ejaculation (2) Haiz i. Issue 1580: * If, while observing a Mustahab fast or an obligatory fast the time of which is not fixed (e. H. In our School, it is necessary that it be washed and merely splashing water on it does not suffice. 2. (3) At the end of menstruation. Emission of semen (ghusl is required). In this case you have to do wudu and pray during the time when it stops. 3) While washing our face we must intend to perform a ghusl. Loss of senses. Looking at them with sexual desire is haram, but it does not break one's wudu'. 3. 15. e. After masturbation, before ghusl, if I want to read surah by mouth (not touching the quran), read zikr and make dua, can I do all of them?A:1. 7- After a woman makes a ghusl, if some of her husband’s semen comes out, a ghusl is not necessary. Nov 27, 2016 at 12:21. Perform wudu’ (ablution) except for washing of your feet, which you can do later while bathing the body. 7 – To make ghusl for wuquf at Muzdalifa and staying in Mina for hajjis. Wudu would be insufficient in this case. Answer. More answers below. 7. ' Umm Salamah said: 'O Messenger of. Maniy requires performance of ghusl, but madhiy requires performance of wudu. Wash the private parts with the left hand and remove dirt or filth from the body (using your left hand). If someone cannot perform ghusl but can perform tayammum, he can still have sexual intercourse with his wife even after the time for prayers has set in. I have read that if one passes wind during an obligatory Ghusl (ritual bath), then one must perform ablution after it; however, I suffer from chronic flatulence, and I. Thus, the main reason why the explanation of silent farts is important in Islam is because farting is one of the things that can damage wudu. If it occurs without manual stimulation, it is not technically considered masturbation. As for the exiting of semen (mani) after completing the bath is concerned, one should first remember that, exiting of. Any najis, liquid or solid matter coming out of the private parts and anus like urine, feces, blood, etc. – Sakib Arifin. (See also islamqa #93027) While wudu' is necessary in other cases among them is if one pees or mady or wady comes out. Say Bismillah and wash the hands three times, then wash any dirt from the private part. ANSWER. ” (Muslim, Hayd 26; Nasai, Taharah: 115) in a hadith, stating that passing wind invalidates wudu. The emission of mazi and wadi does not necessitate ghusl, they merely break ones wudu. Note that ghusl is considered as necessary in certain cases: janabah (by intercourse, or if semen comes out), menses, child birth, death, conversion (according to some scholars) etc. One: if you choose the opinion that vaginal fart does not break wudu, so, there is no problem for you because even if you have doubts about the movement in the private parts, it does not break wudu. 3. [2]He/she must do ghusl if he/she believes the discharge could be sexual fluid from an ejaculation/orgasm; i. Source:. But the main view of the hanafi school of fiqh and that of Muhamamd ibn al-Hassan محمد ابن الحسن is that the ghusl is for the day of jumu'ah. Masturbation is forbidden as clarified in Fatwa 81150, and when one ejaculates after masturbation, he is obliged to perform Ghusl (i. 2. If a Muslim die. Be sure that no dry area is left during the ghusl. in this hadith narrted by um al-mu'minyn 'Aisha (May Allah be pleased with her) which was. 1a. 2. 1. It is fard to wash the mouth, the nose and the whole body at least once. Two: if you choose the opinion that vaginal fart break wudu, you must make sure that there is a sound or smell from the movement. It does not store any personal data. Use sufficient water. Step 8: Recite the same dua for wudu. Otherwise, if mani is discharged due to heavy lifting, sickness etc. Allah knows best. If one washed one’s hands and passed wind then the previous act got annulled, thus he should start his wudhu again. Whoever holds his penis, let him perform wudu. It wipes out the rewards one earns in return for acts of worship. 1. 1) To perform a ghusl in the sunnat, we must first wash both of our hands and privates parts even if they may be clean, then if there any najasat (impurity) on our body, we must wash it away. Summary of answer. So you are not obliged to perform Ghusl after having these discharges. Blessings and peace be upon the Messenger of Allah, his Household, Companions and followers. The Sunnah is to wash the private part before starting ghusl, as is indicated by the report narrated by al-Bukhaari (276) and Muslim (317) from Ibn ‘Abbaas (may Allaah be pleased with him) who said: Maymoonah said: I brought the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) water to do ghusl and. One of the clearest is the odor of maniy. The standard of farting that breaks wudu or ablution in Islam is if we hear a fart sound or smell a fart. But really, there is no difference between a silent fart and a loud fart. So your fast is still valid and you do not have to do ghusl after it comes out. With regard to your delaying the prayer until the sun had risen, this was wrong of you to do that. However, this will break the wudhu and one shall have to repeat the wudhu. 2, p. You can check which terminal is compatible with eARC by. This “nail polish” comes under the same ruling as dressings that are placed on injuries or wounds. A short Answer for your Question could be find for Ghusl al Janabah (as an interpretation of Verse ( 5:6 )) And if you are in a state of janabah, then purify yourselves وَإِنْ كُنْتُمْ جُنُبًا فَاطَّهَّرُوا. e. Summary of answer. . However, when you have finished your ghusl, make a fresh wudhu because the drops break wudhu. As a man, the required portions of ghusl honestly only take 2-3m. But it is essential to pay attention to rinsing the mouth and nose, because doing so is. washing the entire body with water (this seems to be your source). refraining from entering anything into the body cavity, c. Farting. The three reasons I mean are as follows: One: fart is one of those things that comes out of the back hole (anus or الدُّبُرُ). does fart break ghusl RENAULT CAPTUR HATCHBACK 1. Gently rub your skin. However, if a woman does not ejaculate after orgasm, ghusl is not wajib for her. Sunnah of Ghusl. Passing wind is one of the things that invalidate wudoo’ but it is not one of the things that invalidate ghusl. Evacuating the hair underneath the navel. One can do tayammum while there is water placed on the way or in the desert for drinking. Wudu is often translated as 'partial ablution', as opposed to ghusl as 'full ablution' where the whole body is washed. If you have a beard or other facial hair, wash underneath this area as well. But it is better if it is done in the manner mentioned in the hadith from the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), when Asma bint Shakl asked him how a menstruating woman should do ghusl. In general, farting is one of the things that can damage wudu. something that requires one to perform ghusl in order to perform an act of worship that requires wuḍū ʾTouching filth doesn’t affect the validity of one’s wudu or ghusl. Alhamdulillah. We can find an explanation that Muslim women are required to perform ghusl Janabah (غُسْلُ الْجَنَابَةِ) after periods in the hadith below: Allah’s Messenger (Prophet Muhammad) sallallahu alayhi wa sallam said, “If periods has come, then do not pray. Activities that invalidate wudu include urination, defecation, flatulence, deep sleep, light bleeding, menstruation, postpartum and sexual intercourse. It is not haram; it just nullifies (breaks/invalidates) your wudhu (ablution). “There is nothing wrong with. Pilgrim performing Ghusl. Maniy (sexual fluid), on the other hand, necessitates. Note that ghusl is considered as necessary in certain cases: janabah (by intercourse, or if semen comes out), menses, child birth, death, conversion (according to some scholars) etc. You still make your intention and fast. Answer. If one omits one of the wajib elements of salat because one has forgotten to do it, then one will have to do sajda as-sahw (prostration of forgetfulness) at the end of salat. 4. From a medical standpoint, spotting technically has one or more days without bleeding before or after menstruation. 1. e. Parrots don’t fart, but they potentially can mimic the sound of human butt toots. Noobivore36. Janaba You must do ghusl because of janabaThese are the limits [set by] Allah , so do not approach them. ”. And ghusl is only required if it comes out with feelings of pleasure. Holding fart doesn’t break wudu. If a woman's skin (i. Loss of senses. e. 2. It is a common discharge in men, and not so common in women. Every time a significant ritual impurity has been attained, the ghusl, together with a declaration of purpose, must be done. While farts don’t break wudu, it’s best not to touch your butt after a fart. possible to rinse without undue hardship. Step 1: Declear your intention to perform Ghusl. With regard to prayer, you should do a lot of naafil prayers and righteous deeds, but we do not think that you are obliged to make them up. The emission of mani necessitates ghusl if it takes place due to sexual activity. Therefore, since there is no need for ghusl due to such things, it is not necessary to renew ghusl during ghusl. *The minimum that is required for ghusl is to ensure that water reaches every part of the body, even beneath the hair. Quote. g. Farts are farts. b. Based on this, if a person touches his private part, urinates or passes wind whilst doing ghusl, he should complete his. Istinja’ (cleaning one’s private parts) is obligatory after defecation or urination. If she becomes pure after twenty days, she should do ghusl and pray and fast , and she is permissible for her husband. 8- If a woman or a man shaves the groin, it is not necessary to make a ghusl. The Messenger of Allah (Allah bless him and give. , in the vagina so that less of this discharge will come out, and to prevent it getting on to the clothes or body. Al-Haafiz said in al-Fath:If there was a condition of Janabah, it would be obligatory to wash the whole body in this case. They do not break ghusl. Pour water over the head three times, and rub the hair so that the water reaches the roots of the hair. Touching a woman `A’ishah reported that Allah’s Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) kissed her while he was fasting and said, “Kissing does not nullify the ablution, nor does it break the fast. 4) If water will not accumulate under our feet; we. The number of farts was higher when people ate more fibre. Author: 1 – Any najasah, liquid or solid matter coming out of the penis and anus like urine, feces, sperm, madi, blood, etc. For, the Prophet stated the following; “When one of you laugh loudly during a prayer, he/she has to renew both the prayer and wudu”. Only the exiting of air would. For details refer to Which things. And Allah knows best. doing ghusl in the lavatory or in a filthy place; and to purify oneself while showing the private parts. It only requires ablution and removing anything that stuck to your hand. Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated that the Prophet (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) said: “When a man sits between the four parts (arms and legs of his wife) and has intercourse with her, then ghusl is obligatory. g. Ruling 323. Bleeding only breaks your wudu and has no incidence on your ghusl even if this bleeding would happen while performing your ghusl. If it is the latter, she should be careful and do wudu for each prayer, then pray. Fourthly: You should know that there are signs of reaching puberty and that a girl may reach puberty before the age of 15, if she starts to menstruate or if any of the other signs of puberty appear. Make the niyyah (intention) to perform ghusl for purification. My question 1. ’. Washing the private part is necessary as mentioned in the hadith. at least once. Prolećnog festivala), Duan Wu festivala i. In this case, she should refer to the regular period that she used to have, and during that time she should stop praying and she is subject to the rulings on menses, and anything other. One should clean their mouth and nose to the best of their ability without taking the water too. e. Defecation or urination. It should be noted that touching a woman’s body does not break one’s wudu’, whether that is done with feelings of desire or otherwise, unless anything is emitted as. Should I perform my ghusl from the start again or should. Shaykh Ibn ‘Uthaymeen (may Allaah have mercy on him) said: The difference between maniy and madhiy is that maniy is thick and has a smell, and it comes out in gushes when desire intensifies. Leaving wind from the anus (farting) 3. Once again because you have nail polish the ghusl would be incomplete. Simplify your ghusl. Three: if the skin of a man and a woman who is not a mahram touch without a barrier. The other things that break the fast were mentioned by the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) in his Sunnah. Dear Brother / Sister, 1. The oldest recorded joke is an ancient Sumerian fart joke that dates back to 1900 BC. even if he does not ejaculate. Acts that do not nullify ablution. No, looking at the private parts don't break the wudu. Ghusl is only necessary after: (1) Ejaculation. 20 plugin for 3ds max 2016 to 2021 Win FaceBuilder is a very fast and easy to use tool for building 3D models of human’s face or head based on just a few photos 0插件开发人员KeenTools已发布了KeenTools 2 24h Lieferzeit, auch auf Rechnung My First Attempt at 3D Modeling my Face in Blender with KeenTools Facebuilder 1 My First Attempt at 3D. al-ghusl al-tartībī – sequential ritual bathing. I think that is explanation about fart that has no sound and no smell. Do wudu as for prayer. [2] 3) The nail polish is not worn to attract non-mahram individuals. If a man or woman reaches climax, then ghusl is obligatory. There are seven things that break the fast, as follows: Intercourse. Specificity of Wind from the Anus: Scholars emphasize that the release of gas from other orifices, such as the mouth, does not break Wudu. Adorning oneself on the occasion of ‘Eid. On five occasions the Ghusl is Fard. You must renew your wudu before praying though, as your wudu is invalidated. Ablution is nullified by urinating, defecating (Almighty Allah says, “…or one of you comes from relieving himself,” thus proving that such an act obligates a new purification), and releasing gas from the anus. There must be no unclean thing that sticks to our body, our clothes, and the place we use to pray. كُلُّ مَا يَخْرُجُ مِنْ دُبُرِ الْإِنْسَانِ نَجَسٌ وَيَنْقُضُ الْوُضُوْءَ. 4 – To make ghusl after donating blood or being cupped. Does fart break wudu? Impurifying activities that invalidate wudu include urination, defecation, flatulence, deep sleep, light bleeding and sexual intercourse. Ruling 371. Should I perform my ghusl from the start again or. If the blood that comes out of the body does not flow or does not spread, it does not invalidate wudu. Gas can cause bloating and discomfort, so farting is a healthy way to release gas from the body. (Al-Maidah: 6). i završiće se 21. In the first scenario, you do not have to do anything because nothing has exited from your private parts. e. 4. Honey Select2 character card mod; church for rent uk. But if he does not break his wudu, then his doing ghusl from janabah takes the place of wudu, whether he did wudu before doing ghusl or not. Shaykh Ibn ‘Uthaymeen (may Allaah have mercy on him) said: Ghusl for Jumu’ah begins at the break of dawn, but it is better not to do ghusl until after the sun has risen, because the day has certainly begun after sunrise, and because the time before sunrise is the time for Fajr prayer, and the time for Fajr prayer has not ended yet, so it is. It shouldn’t be accompanied by heavy cramps or clots. If one doubts whether one has performed the current. g. If you became pure on the fifth day and fasted that day, then you saw blood after praying ‘Isha, then your fast is valid. Besides urine three liquids can also come out of one’s private parts. When is it required? 2. No, you don’t have to repeat your ritual bath (ghusl) after being affected by one of the invalidators of wudu. Abstain from speaking whilst performing Ghusl. 3. Everyone must refrain from eating and drinking those things which are Najis; and (as for) the clothing that one wears in Salat - which is the best of actions in worshipping Allah - they must be clean, and it is best that they are the most pure of. e. flying star in the sky · Does anyone know of or come across the following faults with these vans. "Becoming janabah" ruins your fast, but "being janabah" does not. Step 7: Wash your fit. The Muslim must beware of impurity and try to avoid it as much as he can. 3. That’s a brief explanation of ghusl and some of the things that require ghusl. Flatulence, commonly referred to as 'farting', is caused by gas in the bowel. It sounds exactly as if madhy (pre-ejaculate fluid) exited, and there is no ritual bath due upon you in this case. Al-Mughni, 1/128. 0) And Allah knows best. Fainting. Step 4: Perform a complete wudu. Emission of wadi. People pass gas about 14 times per day. They quoted as evidence the fact that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) told the woman who was suffering from irregular bleeding (istihadah) to do wudu for every prayer, and that wetness or discharge is akin to istihadah. But it is essential to pay attention to rinsing the mouth and nose, because doing so is. ”. Ghusl is washing which covers the entire surface of the body accompanied with rubbing because the reality of ghusl consists of both. Ganjhu explains burning may be caused from eating spicy or acidic foods. What’s more, as the pressure builds, so may your stress. Farting is totally natural and everyone's body does it. But the best time to do it is after you’ve finished a salat. Masturbation is a major sin and an evil habit which should be abandoned. ShaziaRules Regarding Ghusl and Wet Dreams for Men and Women. In fact, a study has proven that when men and women eat the exact same food, woman tend to have even more concentrated gas than men. The second important point about holding fart during salah which I will explain now is “does holding fart during salah break salah?”. Our Prophet said, “A person must make wudu (ablution) if he hears a sound or perceives a smell of passing wind (gas). Such things are also considered in themselves ritually impure (najis). Also, if one has intercourse during the night and was not able to make ghusl (bathe) before dawn, he or she can begin fast and make ghusl later. There are some Muslims who do not understand that well. A scientist who studies flatulence is called a flatologist. This ghusl is made to thank Allah for recovery. ghusl mass al-mayyit – the ghusl for touching a corpse. Ibn Qudaamah said in his book entitled Al-Mughni, “Intention is a condition for purity from all kinds of impurities, and ablution, or Ghusl, or Tayammum (dry ablution) are not valid unless one has made it [intention]. But you should also be careful not to touch your butt, because this will also break wudu. In the name of Allah, the Inspirer of truth. Once you perform wudu, the only thing that would remove you from this state is the certainty of breaking it. And Allah knows best. Using a pad means placing a piece of rag or cotton etc. ] 2. Ads by Muslim Ad Network. This applies to semen and other filth as well. 552, Imam Nawawi related that there is an ijma’ [consensus] established that madhi is an impurity. 2. Should I perform my ghusl from the start again or should I just continue my ghusl? ANSWER: No, because your ghusl is not invalidated by this. Cutting Nails. With regard to prayer, wudu must be done for each prayer after the time. Answer: If he was ignorant out of innocence, and therefore made mistakes without causing harm (e. co. So, that’s what break wudu in Islam. these are called "hadath al akbar". 3 If desired, dry yourself off with a clean towel before dressing. A woman touching her vagina Taharat (cleanliness) and keeping a clean body and surroundings are very important in Islam. It is better not to read any Kalma or Aayah while bathing. Four: touching the human penis, vagina, or anus using the palms of the hands or the inside of the fingers. it is mustahabb) before Friday prayer and prayers for Islamic holidays, before entering the ihram in preparation for Hajj, after having lost consciousness, and. 2. Neither one’s ablutions (wudu) nor one’s ritual bath (ghusl) are invalidated by sins such as eating pork or drinking wine. This heavily implies that to be a Muslim is to be pure by default. Blue for a boy, pink for a. Masturbation is forbidden as clarified in Fatwa 81150, and when one ejaculates after masturbation, he is obliged to perform Ghusl (i. Three: if the skin of a man and a woman who is not a mahram touch each other without a barrier. Offering congratulations 5. Note: doing ghusl on Friday does not take the place of wudoo’, so if someone did not do wudoo’ at the time of doing ghusl, it is not permissible for him to pray with this ghusl. Same time, When I do it according to Sunnah. The Unifi Doorbell. It can also be related to an underlying health problem affecting the digestive system, such as recurring indigestion or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Feeling too embarrassed to do ghusl is no excuse for delaying the prayer. (Warning: Do not try to test under any circumstances. [Haskafi, Durr al-Mukhtar, Bab al-Ghusl] This includes all female discharge except one type. If the blood that comes out of the body does not flow or does not spread, it does not invalidate wudu. The brownish discharge does invalidate wudu. Pour water over the head three times, and rub the hair so that the water reaches the roots of the hair.